Linus Walleij [Tue, 20 Nov 2012 13:42:47 +0000 (14:42 +0100)]
pinctrl/u300/coh901: stop spawning pinctrl from GPIO
Let's stop spawning the pinctrl driver from the GPIO driver,
we have these two mechanisms broken apart now, and they can
each probe in isolation. If the GPIO driver cannot find its
pin controller (pinctrl-u300), the pin controller core will
tell it to defer probing.
Linus Walleij [Tue, 20 Nov 2012 13:28:07 +0000 (14:28 +0100)]
pinctrl/u300/coh901: let the gpio_chip register the range
Instead of having the pinctrl driver register the GPIO range
for the gpio_chip, making it necessary to instantiate the
pin controller from the GPIO driver and pass the GPIO chip as
platform data, now let the GPIO chip driver register it's own
ranges and have the pinctrl driver look up the GPIO chip from
the pinctrl core as necessary.
Linus Walleij [Tue, 20 Nov 2012 13:25:07 +0000 (14:25 +0100)]
pinctrl: add function to retrieve range from pin
This adds a function to the pinctrl core to retrieve the GPIO
range associated with a certain pin for a certain controller.
This is needed when a pinctrl driver want to look up the
corresponding struct gpio_chip for a certain pin. As the
GPIO drivers can now create these ranges themselves, the
pinctrl driver no longer knows about all its associated GPIO
chips.
Linus Walleij [Tue, 20 Nov 2012 13:56:25 +0000 (14:56 +0100)]
gpiolib: return any error code from range creation
If we try to create a range for a certain GPIO chip and the
target pin controller is not yet available it may return
a probe deferral error code, so handle this all the way
our by checking the error code.
Linus Walleij [Tue, 20 Nov 2012 13:54:18 +0000 (14:54 +0100)]
pinctrl: make range registration defer properly
This makes the pinctrl_find_and_add_gpio_range() return
-EPROBE_DEFER if the range hosting pin controller cannot be
located. We may assume that the common case for why adding a
range fails is that the targe pin controller device has not
probed yet.
Linus Walleij [Tue, 20 Nov 2012 11:40:15 +0000 (12:40 +0100)]
gpiolib: let gpiochip_add_pin_range() specify offset
Like with commit 3c739ad0df5eb41cd7adad879eda6aa09879eb76
it is not always enough to specify all the pins of a gpio_chip
from offset zero to be added to a pin map range, since the
mapping from GPIO to pin controller may not be linear at all,
but need to be broken into a few consecutive sub-ranges or
1-pin entries for complicated cases. The ranges may also be
sparse.
This alters the signature of the function to accept offsets
into both the GPIO-chip local pinspace and the pin controller
local pinspace.
Axel Lin [Wed, 14 Nov 2012 08:37:45 +0000 (16:37 +0800)]
pinctrl: plgpio: Call clk_disable_unprepare only if clk_prepare_enable is called
This driver allows clk_get() failure, and still work without it.
This patch adds !IS_ERR(plgpio->clk) checking in plgpio_request() error path
so we only call clk_disable_unprepare() if clk_prepare_enable() is called.
Signed-off-by: Axel Lin <axel.lin@ingics.com> Acked-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Axel Lin [Tue, 13 Nov 2012 12:20:50 +0000 (20:20 +0800)]
pinctrl: spear: Make get_gpio_pingroup return NULL when no gpio_pingroup found
Currently get_gpio_pingroup() may return NULL or ERR_PTR(-EINVAL) when
no gpio_pingroup found. The caller in gpio_request_endisable() only
checks if the return value is NULL. Return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL) for
get_gpio_pingroup() causes problem and seems not necessary.
Signed-off-by: Axel Lin <axel.lin@ingics.com> Acked-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Axel Lin [Sat, 10 Nov 2012 13:53:20 +0000 (21:53 +0800)]
pinctrl: pinmux: Release all taken pins in pinmux_enable_setting error paths
Currently pinmux_enable_setting does not release all taken pins if
ops->enable() returns error. This patch ensures all taken pins are
released in any error paths.
Signed-off-by: Axel Lin <axel.lin@ingics.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Shiraz Hashim [Wed, 7 Nov 2012 14:37:25 +0000 (20:07 +0530)]
pinctrl: SPEAr: Add SoC specific gpio configuration routines
Different SPEAr SoCs have different approach to configure pins as gpios. Some
configure a group of gpios with single register bit and others have one bit per
gpio pin. Only earlier one is implemented till now, this patch adds support for
later one.
Here we add callbacks to SoC specific code to configure gpios in
gpio_request_enable(). That will do additional SoC specific configuration to
enable gpio pins.
We also implement this callback for SPEAr1340 in this patch.
Linus Walleij [Tue, 6 Nov 2012 16:16:39 +0000 (17:16 +0100)]
gpiolib: iron out include ladder mistakes
The <*/gpio.h> includes are updated again: now we need to account
for the problem introduced by commit: 595679a8038584df7b9398bf34f61db3c038bfea
"gpiolib: fix up function prototypes etc"
Actually we need static inlines in include/asm-generic/gpio.h
as well since we may have GPIOLIB but not PINCTRL.
Make sure to move all the CONFIG_PINCTRL business
to the end of the file so we are sure we have
declared struct gpio_chip.
And we need to keep the static inlines in <linux/gpio.h>
but here for the !CONFIG_GENERIC_GPIO case, and then we
may as well throw in a few warnings like the other
prototypes there, if someone would have the bad taste
of compiling without GENERIC_GPIO even.
Linus Walleij [Tue, 6 Nov 2012 15:03:35 +0000 (16:03 +0100)]
gpiolib: separation of pin concerns
The fact that of_gpiochip_add_pin_range() and
gpiochip_add_pin_range() share too much code is fragile and
will invariably mean that bugs need to be fixed in two places
instead of one.
So separate the concerns of gpiolib.c and gpiolib-of.c and
have the latter call the former as back-end. This is necessary
also when going forward with other device descriptions such
as ACPI.
This is done by:
- Adding a return code to gpiochip_add_pin_range() so we can
reliably check whether this succeeds.
- Get rid of the custom of_pinctrl_add_gpio_range() from
pinctrl. Instead create of_pinctrl_get() to just retrive the
pin controller per se from an OF node. This composite
function was just begging to be deleted, it was way to
purpose-specific.
- Use pinctrl_dev_get_name() to get the name of the retrieved
pin controller and use that to call back into the generic
gpiochip_add_pin_range().
Now the pin range is only allocated and tied to a pin
controller from the core implementation in gpiolib.c.
Introduced both of_gpiochip_remove_pin_range() and
gpiochip_remove_pin_ranges(). But the contents are exactly
the same so remove the OF one and rely on the range deletion
in the core.
Declared the of_gpiochip_[add|remove]_pin_range() global
while they should be static as they are only ever used in
this file. Let's convert them to static.
Got most of it's function prototypes wrong, so fix this up by:
- Moving the void declarations into static inlines in
<linux/gpio.h> (previously the actual prototypes were declared
here...)
- Declare the gpiochip_add_pin_range() and
gpiochip_remove_pin_ranges() functions in <asm-generic/gpio.h>
together with the pin range struct declaration itself.
- Actually only implement these very functions in gpiolib.c
if CONFIG_PINCTRL is set.
- Additionally export the symbols since modules will need to
be able to do this.
Reviewed-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Linus Walleij [Wed, 17 Oct 2012 11:16:46 +0000 (13:16 +0200)]
ARM: U300: bump IRQs to offset 32
The U300 IRQs were bumped once to offset to 1 (in order to avoid
using IRQ 0 which is now NO_IRQ). This was OK as we were still
passing the number of irqs in the .nr_irqs field of the machine,
with descriptors allocated at boot time.
However .nr_irqs should be 0, leading the system to reserve the
first 16 IRQs. Then the VIC driver will complain that IRQs 1
thru 15 are pre-allocated, so to avoid this and use free
descriptors, move all IRQs up to offset 32.
This will all be done away with as we migrate to device tree,
so it is an interim solution.
Acked-by: Olof Johansson <olof@lixom.net> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Shiraz Hashim [Sat, 27 Oct 2012 09:51:36 +0000 (15:21 +0530)]
gpiolib: provide provision to register pin ranges
pinctrl subsystem needs gpio chip base to prepare set of gpio
pin ranges, which a given pinctrl driver can handle. This is
important to handle pinctrl gpio request calls in order to
program a given pin properly for gpio operation.
As gpio base is allocated dynamically during gpiochip
registration, presently there exists no clean way to pass this
information to the pinctrl subsystem.
After few discussions from [1], it was concluded that may be
gpio controller reporting the pin range it supports, is a
better way than pinctrl subsystem directly registering it.
This reverts earlier commit which removed
pinctrl_remove_gpio_range(), because at that time there
weren't any more users of that routine. It was removed as the
removal of ranges was done in unregister of pinctrl.
But as we are now registering stuff from gpiolib, we may
remove and insert a gpio module multiple times. So, we
need this routine again.
Barry Song [Thu, 27 Sep 2012 09:56:30 +0000 (17:56 +0800)]
pinctrl: sirf: enable the driver support new SiRFmarco SoC
The driver supports old up SiRFprimaII SoCs, this patch makes it support
the new SiRFmarco as well.
SiRFmarco, as a SMP SoC, adds new SIRFSOC_GPIO_PAD_EN_CLR registers, to
disable GPIO pad, we should write 1 to the corresponding bit in the new
CLEAR register instead of writing 0 to SIRFSOC_GPIO_PAD_EN.
Signed-off-by: Barry Song <Baohua.Song@csr.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Thomas Petazzoni [Wed, 24 Oct 2012 21:38:58 +0000 (23:38 +0200)]
pinctrl: mvebu: move to its own directory
Like the spear platform, the mvebu platform has multiple files: one
core file, and then one file per SoC family. More files will be added
later, as support for mach-orion5x and mach-mv78xx0 SoCs is added to
pinctrl-mvebu. For those reasons, having a separate subdirectory,
drivers/pinctrl/mvebu/ makes sense, and it had already been suggested
by Linus Wallej when the driver was originally submitted.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Petazzoni <thomas.petazzoni@free-electrons.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Thomas Petazzoni [Wed, 24 Oct 2012 21:38:57 +0000 (23:38 +0200)]
pinctrl: mvebu: remove useless include
Including the core.h header for the pinctrl subsystem is not
necessary, and it is actually causing problems when moving the
pinctrl-mvebu drivers into a separate subdirectory.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Petazzoni <thomas.petazzoni@free-electrons.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Thomas Petazzoni [Wed, 24 Oct 2012 21:38:56 +0000 (23:38 +0200)]
pinctrl: mvebu: allow plat-orion architectures to use pinctrl-mvebu
The mach-kirkwood and mach-dove architectures have not yet been
integrated into the mach-mvebu directory, which should ultimately
contain the support for all Marvell SoCs from the Engineering Business
Unit.
However, before this can happen, we need to let mach-kirkwood and
mach-dove use the pinctrl-mvebu driver, which supports the kirkwood
and dove SoC families. In order to do that, we make this driver
available as soon as PLAT_ORION is selected, instead of using
ARCH_MVEBU as a condition. In the long term, PLAT_ORION should
disappear and be fully replaced by ARCH_MVEBU, but the plan is to make
the migration step by step, by first having the existing mach-*
directories for Marvell SoCs converge on several infrastructures,
including the pinctrl one.
Also, like the spear pinctrl driver, we put all pinctrl-mvebu Kconfig
options under a if, in order to avoid having certain options
(PINCTRL_DOVE, PINCTRL_KIRKWOOD, etc.) selecting an option
(PINCTLR_MVEBU) which itself has a dependency (on ARCH_MVEBU). In this
a construct, the dependency is in fact ignored due to the selects.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Petazzoni <thomas.petazzoni@free-electrons.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Linus Walleij [Wed, 17 Oct 2012 18:51:54 +0000 (20:51 +0200)]
pinctrl: reserve pins when states are activated
This switches the way that pins are reserved for multiplexing:
We used to do this when the map was parsed, at the creation of
the settings inside the pinctrl handle, in pinmux_map_to_setting().
However this does not work for us, because we want to use the
same set of pins with different devices at different times: the
current code assumes that the pin groups in a pinmux state will
only be used with one single device, albeit different groups can
be active at different times. For example if a single I2C driver
block is used to drive two different busses located on two
pin groups A and B, then the pins for all possible states of a
function are reserved when fetching the pinctrl handle: the
I2C bus can choose either set A or set B by a mux state at
runtime, but all pins in both group A and B (the superset) are
effectively reserved for that I2C function and mapped to the
device. Another device can never get in and use the pins in
group A, even if the device/function is using group B at the
moment.
Instead: let use reserve the pins when the state is activated
and drop them when the state is disabled, i.e. when we move to
another state. This way different devices/functions can use the
same pins at different times.
We know that this is an odd way of doing things, but we really
need to switch e.g. an SD-card slot to become a tracing output
sink at runtime: we plug in a special "tracing card" then mux
the pins that used to be an SD slot around to the tracing
unit and push out tracing data there instead of SD-card
traffic.
As a side effect pinmux_free_setting() is unused but the stubs
are kept for future additions of code.
Cc: Patrice Chotard <patrice.chotard@st.com> Cc: Loic Pallardy <loic.pallardy@st.com> Acked-by: Stephen Warren <swarren@nvidia.com> Tested-by: Jean Nicolas Graux <jean-nicolas.graux@stericsson.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Walleij <linus.walleij@linaro.org>
Pull networking fixes from David Miller:
"Bug fixes galore, mostly in drivers as is often the case:
1) USB gadget and cdc_eem drivers need adjustments to their frame size
lengths in order to handle VLANs correctly. From Ian Coolidge.
2) TIPC and several network drivers erroneously call tasklet_disable
before tasklet_kill, fix from Xiaotian Feng.
3) r8169 driver needs to apply the WOL suspend quirk to more chipsets,
fix from Cyril Brulebois.
4) Fix multicast filters on RTL_GIGA_MAC_VER_35 r8169 chips, from
Nathan Walp.
5) FDB netlink dumps should use RTM_NEWNEIGH as the message type, not
zero. From John Fastabend.
6) Fix smsc95xx tx checksum offload on big-endian, from Steve
Glendinning.
7) __inet_diag_dump() needs to repsect and report the error value
returned from inet_diag_lock_handler() rather than ignore it.
Otherwise if an inet diag handler is not available for a particular
protocol, we essentially report success instead of giving an error
indication. Fix from Cyrill Gorcunov.
8) When the QFQ packet scheduler sees TSO/GSO packets it does not
handle things properly, and in fact ends up corrupting it's
datastructures as well as mis-schedule packets. Fix from Paolo
Valente.
9) Fix oopser in skb_loop_sk(), from Eric Leblond.
10) CXGB4 passes partially uninitialized datastructures in to FW
commands, fix from Vipul Pandya.
11) When we send unsolicited ipv6 neighbour advertisements, we should
send them to the link-local allnodes multicast address, as per
RFC4861. Fix from Hannes Frederic Sowa.
12) There is some kind of bug in the usbnet's kevent deferral
mechanism, but more immediately when it triggers an uncontrolled
stream of kernel messages spam the log. Rate limit the error log
message triggered when this problem occurs, as sending thousands
of error messages into the kernel log doesn't help matters at all,
and in fact makes further diagnosis more difficult.
From Steve Glendinning.
13) Fix gianfar restore from hibernation, from Wang Dongsheng.
14) The netlink message attribute sizes are wrong in the ipv6 GRE
driver, it was using the size of ipv4 addresses instead of ipv6
ones :-) Fix from Nicolas Dichtel."
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net:
gre6: fix rtnl dump messages
gianfar: ethernet vanishes after restoring from hibernation
usbnet: ratelimit kevent may have been dropped warnings
ipv6: send unsolicited neighbour advertisements to all-nodes
net: usb: cdc_eem: Fix rx skb allocation for 802.1Q VLANs
usb: gadget: g_ether: fix frame size check for 802.1Q
cxgb4: Fix initialization of SGE_CONTROL register
isdn: Make CONFIG_ISDN depend on CONFIG_NETDEVICES
cxgb4: Initialize data structures before using.
af-packet: fix oops when socket is not present
pkt_sched: enable QFQ to support TSO/GSO
net: inet_diag -- Return error code if protocol handler is missed
net: bnx2x: Fix typo in bnx2x driver
smsc95xx: fix tx checksum offload for big endian
rtnetlink: Use nlmsg type RTM_NEWNEIGH from dflt fdb dump
ptp: update adjfreq callback description
r8169: allow multicast packets on sub-8168f chipset.
r8169: Fix WoL on RTL8168d/8111d.
drivers/net: use tasklet_kill in device remove/close process
tipc: do not use tasklet_disable before tasklet_kill
Pull sparc fixes from David Miller:
"Several build/bug fixes for sparc, including:
1) Configuring a mix of static vs. modular sparc64 crypto modules
didn't work, remove an ill-conceived attempt to only have to build
the device match table for these drivers once to fix the problem.
Reported by Meelis Roos.
2) Make the montgomery multiple/square and mpmul instructions actually
usable in 32-bit tasks. Essentially this involves providing 32-bit
userspace with a way to use a 64-bit stack when it needs to.
3) Our sparc64 atomic backoffs don't yield cpu strands properly on
Niagara chips. Use pause instruction when available to achieve
this, otherwise use a benign instruction we know blocks the strand
for some time.
4) Wire up kcmp
5) Fix the build of various drivers by removing the unnecessary
blocking of OF_GPIO when SPARC.
6) Fix unintended regression wherein of_address_to_resource stopped
being provided. Fix from Andreas Larsson.
7) Fix NULL dereference in leon_handle_ext_irq(), also from Andreas
Larsson."
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/sparc:
sparc64: Fix build with mix of modular vs. non-modular crypto drivers.
sparc: Support atomic64_dec_if_positive properly.
of/address: sparc: Declare of_address_to_resource() as an extern function for sparc again
sparc32, leon: Check for existent irq_map entry in leon_handle_ext_irq
sparc: Add sparc support for platform_get_irq()
sparc: Allow OF_GPIO on sparc.
qlogicpti: Fix build warning.
sparc: Wire up sys_kcmp.
sparc64: Improvde documentation and readability of atomic backoff code.
sparc64: Use pause instruction when available.
sparc64: Fix cpu strand yielding.
sparc64: Make montmul/montsqr/mpmul usable in 32-bit threads.
Linus Torvalds [Sat, 10 Nov 2012 05:59:35 +0000 (06:59 +0100)]
Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.samba.org/sfrench/cifs-2.6
Pull cifs fixes from Jeff Layton.
* 'for-linus' of git://git.samba.org/sfrench/cifs-2.6:
cifs: Do not lookup hashed negative dentry in cifs_atomic_open
cifs: fix potential buffer overrun in cifs.idmap handling code
Linus Torvalds [Sat, 10 Nov 2012 05:58:20 +0000 (06:58 +0100)]
Merge tag 'arm64-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cmarinas/linux-aarch64
Pull arm64 fixes from Catalin Marinas:
- correct argument type (pgprot_t) when calling __ioremap()
- PCI_IOBASE virtual address change
- use architected event for CPU cycle counter
- fix ELF core dumping
- select CONFIG_ARCH_WANT_COMPAT_IPC_PARSE_VERSION
- missing completion for secondary CPU boot
- booting on systems with all memory beyond 4GB
* tag 'arm64-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cmarinas/linux-aarch64:
arm64: mm: fix booting on systems with no memory below 4GB
arm64: smp: add missing completion for secondary boot
arm64: compat: select CONFIG_ARCH_WANT_COMPAT_IPC_PARSE_VERSION
arm64: elf: fix core dumping definitions for GP and FP registers
arm64: perf: use architected event for CPU cycle counter
arm64: Move PCI_IOBASE closer to MODULES_VADDR
arm64: Use pgprot_t as the last argument when invoking __ioremap()
Linus Torvalds [Sat, 10 Nov 2012 05:56:21 +0000 (06:56 +0100)]
Merge tag 'stable/for-linus-3.7-rc5-tag' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/konrad/xen
Pull Xen fixes from Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk:
"There are three ARM compile fixes (we forgot to export certain
functions and if the drivers are built as an module - we go belly-up).
There is also an mismatch of irq_enter() / exit_idle() calls sequence
which were fixed some time ago in other piece of codes, but failed to
appear in the Xen code.
Lastly a fix for to help in the field with troubleshooting in case we
cannot get the appropriate parameter and also fallback code when
working with very old hypervisors."
Bug-fixes:
- Fix compile issues on ARM.
- Fix hypercall fallback code for old hypervisors.
- Print out which HVM parameter failed if it fails.
- Fix idle notifier call after irq_enter.
* tag 'stable/for-linus-3.7-rc5-tag' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/konrad/xen:
xen/arm: Fix compile errors when drivers are compiled as modules (export more).
xen/arm: Fix compile errors when drivers are compiled as modules.
xen/generic: Disable fallback build on ARM.
xen/events: fix RCU warning, or Call idle notifier after irq_enter()
xen/hvm: If we fail to fetch an HVM parameter print out which flag it is.
xen/hypercall: fix hypercall fallback code for very old hypervisors
David S. Miller [Sat, 10 Nov 2012 04:53:32 +0000 (20:53 -0800)]
sparc64: Fix build with mix of modular vs. non-modular crypto drivers.
We tried linking in a single built object to hold the device table,
but only works if all of the sparc64 crypto modules get built the same
way (modular vs. non-modular).
Just include the device ID stub into each driver source file so that
the table gets compiled into the correct result in all cases.
Reported-by: Meelis Roos <mroos@linux.ee> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Andreas Larsson [Tue, 6 Nov 2012 00:12:03 +0000 (00:12 +0000)]
of/address: sparc: Declare of_address_to_resource() as an extern function for sparc again
This bug-fix makes sure that of_address_to_resource is defined extern for sparc
so that the sparc-specific implementation of of_address_to_resource() is once
again used when including include/linux/of_address.h in a sparc context. A
number of drivers in mainline relies on this function working for sparc.
The bug was introduced in a850a7554442f08d3e910c6eeb4ee216868dda1e, "of/address:
add empty static inlines for !CONFIG_OF". Contrary to that commit title, the
static inlines are added for !CONFIG_OF_ADDRESS, and CONFIG_OF_ADDRESS is never
defined for sparc. This is good behavior for the other functions in
include/linux/of_address.h, as the extern functions defined in
drivers/of/address.c only gets linked when OF_ADDRESS is configured. However,
for of_address_to_resource there exists a sparc-specific implementation in
arch/sparc/arch/sparc/kernel/of_device_common.c
Solution suggested by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Signed-off-by: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com> Acked-by: Rob Herring <rob.herring@calxeda.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Andreas Larsson [Tue, 30 Oct 2012 00:09:46 +0000 (00:09 +0000)]
sparc32, leon: Check for existent irq_map entry in leon_handle_ext_irq
If an irq is being unlinked concurrently with leon_handle_ext_irq,
irq_map[eirq] might be null in leon_handle_ext_irq. Make sure that
this is not dereferenced.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com> Acked-by: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Andreas Larsson [Mon, 29 Oct 2012 23:26:56 +0000 (23:26 +0000)]
sparc: Add sparc support for platform_get_irq()
This adds sparc support for platform_get_irq that in the normal case use
platform_get_resource() to get an irq. This standard approach fails for sparc as
there are no resources of type IORESOURCE_IRQ for irqs for sparc.
Cross platform drivers can then use this standard platform function and work on
sparc instead of having to have a special case for sparc.
Signed-off-by: Andreas Larsson <andreas@gaisler.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Signed-off-by: Nicolas Dichtel <nicolas.dichtel@6wind.com> Acked-by: Eric Dumazet <edumazet@google.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Wang Dongsheng [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 04:43:51 +0000 (04:43 +0000)]
gianfar: ethernet vanishes after restoring from hibernation
If a gianfar ethernet device is down prior to hibernating a
system, it will no longer be present upon system restore.
For example:
~# ifconfig eth0 down
~# echo disk > /sys/power/state
<trigger a restore from hibernation>
~# ifconfig eth0 up
SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such device
This happens because the restore function bails out early upon
finding devices that were not up at hibernation. In doing so,
it never gets to the netif_device_attach call at the end of
the restore function. Adding the netif_device_attach as done
here also makes the gfar_restore code consistent with what is
done in the gfar_resume code.
Cc: Claudiu Manoil <claudiu.manoil@freescale.com> Signed-off-by: Wang Dongsheng <dongsheng.wang@freescale.com> Signed-off-by: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com> Acked-by: Claudiu Manoil <claudiu.manoil@freescale.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
usbnet: ratelimit kevent may have been dropped warnings
when something goes wrong, a flood of these messages can be
generated by usbnet (thousands per second). This doesn't
generally *help* the condition so this patch ratelimits the
rate of their generation.
There's an underlying problem in usbnet's kevent deferral
mechanism which needs fixing, specifically that events *can*
get dropped and not handled. This patch doesn't address this,
but just mitigates fallout caused by the current implemention.
Signed-off-by: Steve Glendinning <steve.glendinning@shawell.net> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
ipv6: send unsolicited neighbour advertisements to all-nodes
As documented in RFC4861 (Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6) 7.2.6.,
unsolicited neighbour advertisements should be sent to the all-nodes
multicast address.
Signed-off-by: Hannes Frederic Sowa <hannes@stressinduktion.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 20:35:51 +0000 (21:35 +0100)]
Merge branch 'drm-fixes' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~airlied/linux
Pull drm fixes (again) from Dave Airlie:
"dropped the ball on a vmware patch, so two more fixes for vmwgfx are
here, one for hibernate issue, one for a BUG trigger."
* 'drm-fixes' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~airlied/linux:
drm/vmwgfx: Fix a case where the code would BUG when trying to pin GMR memory
drm/vmwgfx: Fix hibernation device reset
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 20:33:53 +0000 (21:33 +0100)]
Merge tag '3.7-pci-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/helgaas/pci
Pull PCI fixes from Bjorn Helgaas:
"Power management:
- PCI/PM: Fix proc config reg access for D3cold and bridge
suspending
- PCI/PM: Resume device before shutdown
- PCI/PM: Fix deadlock when unbinding device if parent in D3cold
Hotplug:
- PCI/portdrv: Don't create hotplug slots unless port supports
hotplug"
* tag '3.7-pci-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/helgaas/pci:
PCI/portdrv: Don't create hotplug slots unless port supports hotplug
PCI/PM: Fix proc config reg access for D3cold and bridge suspending
PCI/PM: Resume device before shutdown
PCI/PM: Fix deadlock when unbinding device if parent in D3cold
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 20:32:33 +0000 (21:32 +0100)]
Merge tag 'mmc-fixes-for-3.7-rc5' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cjb/mmc
Pull MMC fixes from Chris Ball:
- sdhci: fix a NULL dereference at resume-time, seen on OLPC XO-4
- sdhci: fix against 3.7-rc1 for UHS modes without a vqmmc regulator
- sdhci-of-esdhc: disable CMD23 on boards where it's broken
- sdhci-s3c: fix against 3.7-rc1 for card detection with runtime PM
- dw_mmc, omap_hsmmc: fix potential NULL derefs, compiler warnings
* tag 'mmc-fixes-for-3.7-rc5' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cjb/mmc:
mmc: sdhci-s3c: fix the card detection in runtime-pm
mmc: sdhci-s3c: use clk_prepare_enable and clk_disable_unprepare
mmc: dw_mmc: constify dw_mci_idmac_ops in exynos back-end
mmc: dw_mmc: fix modular build for exynos back-end
mmc: sdhci: fix NULL dereference in sdhci_request() tuning
mmc: sdhci: fix IS_ERR() checking of regulator_get()
mmc: fix sdhci-dove probe/removal
mmc: sh_mmcif: fix use after free
mmc: sdhci-pci: fix 'Invalid iomem size' error message condition
mmc: mxcmmc: Fix MODULE_ALIAS
mmc: omap_hsmmc: fix NULL pointer dereference for dt boot
mmc: omap_hsmmc: fix host reference after mmc_free_host
mmc: dw_mmc: fix multiple drv_data NULL dereferences
mmc: dw_mmc: enable controller interrupt before calling mmc_start_host
mmc: sdhci-of-esdhc: disable CMD23 for some Freescale SoCs
mmc: dw_mmc: remove _dev_info compile warning
mmc: dw_mmc: convert the variable type of irq
Pull crypto fix from Herbert Xu:
"This push fixes a potential panic in cryptd which may occur with
crypto drivers such as aesni-intel."
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/herbert/crypto-2.6:
crypto: cryptd - disable softirqs in cryptd_queue_worker to prevent data corruption
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 17:08:04 +0000 (18:08 +0100)]
Merge tag 'sound-3.7' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/sound
Pull sound fixes from Takashi Iwai:
"Most of commits are for stable and regression fixes. Except for one
fix for a regression in 3.7-rc4, there are all driver local changes,
so nothing too much to worry."
* tag 'sound-3.7' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tiwai/sound:
ALSA: Fix card refcount unbalance
ALSA: hda - Add new codec ALC668 and ALC900 (default name ALC1150)
ALSA: hda - Improve HP depop when system enter to S3
ALSA: usb-audio: Fix crash at re-preparing the PCM stream
ALSA: hdspm - Fix sync check reporting on RME RayDAT
ALSA: hda - Add pin fixups for ASUS G75
ALSA: hda - Fix invalid connections in VT1802 codec
ALSA: hda - Fix empty DAC filling in patch_via.c
ALSA: hda - Force to reset IEC958 status bits for AD codecs
ALSA: es1968: Add ESS vendor ID to pm_whitelist
ALSA: HDA: Mark CS260x immutable structures const
ALSA: HDA: Fix digital microphone on CS420x
ALSA: hda: Cirrus: Fix coefficient index for beep configuration
ALSA: hda - support Teradici 2200 host card audio
ALSA: Fix typo in drivers sound
xen/arm: Fix compile errors when drivers are compiled as modules (export more).
The commit 911dec0db4de6ccc544178a8ddaf9cec0a11d533
"xen/arm: Fix compile errors when drivers are compiled as modules." exports
the neccessary functions. But to guard ourselves against out-of-tree modules
and future drivers hitting this, lets export all of the relevant
hypercalls.
Jonas Aaberg [Thu, 25 Oct 2012 06:40:42 +0000 (08:40 +0200)]
pinctrl/nomadik: make independent of prcmu driver
Currently there are some unnecessary criss-cross
dependencies between the PRCMU driver in MFD and a lot of
other drivers, mainly because other drivers need to poke
around in the PRCM register range.
In cases like this there are actually just a few select
registers that the pinctrl driver need to read/modify/write,
and it turns out that no other driver is actually using
these registers, so there are no concurrency issues
whatsoever.
So: don't let the location of the register range complicate
things, just poke into these registers directly and skip
a layer of indirection.
Take this opportunity to add kerneldoc to the pinctrl
state container.
drm/vmwgfx: Fix a case where the code would BUG when trying to pin GMR memory
Signed-off-by: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com> Reviewed-by: Brian Paul <brianp@vmware.com> Reviewed-by: Dmitry Torokhov <dtor@vmware.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Cc: linux-graphics-maintainer@vmware.com Signed-off-by: Dave Airlie <airlied@redhat.com>
The device would not reset properly when resuming from hibernation.
Signed-off-by: Thomas Hellstrom <thellstrom@vmware.com> Reviewed-by: Brian Paul <brianp@vmware.com> Reviewed-by: Dmitry Torokhov <dtor@vmware.com> Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org Cc: linux-graphics-maintainer@vmware.com Signed-off-by: Dave Airlie <airlied@redhat.com>
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 05:59:04 +0000 (06:59 +0100)]
Merge tag 'pinctrl-for-v3.7-rc5' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/linusw/linux-pinctrl
Pull pinctrl fixes from Linus Walleij:
- A set of SPEAr pinctrl fixes that recently arrived
- A fixup for the Samsung/Exynos Kconfig deps
* tag 'pinctrl-for-v3.7-rc5' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/linusw/linux-pinctrl:
pinctrl: samsung and exynos need to depend on OF && GPIOLIB
pinctrl: SPEAr1340: Add clcd sleep mode pin configuration
pinctrl: SPEAr1340: Make DDR reset & clock pads as gpio
pinctrl: SPEAr1310: add register entries for enabling pad direction
pinctrl: SPEAr1310: Separate out pci pins from pcie_sata pin group
pinctrl: SPEAr1310: Fix value of PERIP_CFG reigster and MCIF_SEL_SHIFT
pinctrl: SPEAr1310: fix clcd high resolution pin group name
pinctrl: SPEAr320: Correct pad mux entries for rmii/smii
pinctrl: SPEAr3xx: correct register space to configure pwm
pinctrl: SPEAr: Don't update all non muxreg bits on pinctrl_disable
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 05:57:56 +0000 (06:57 +0100)]
Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/s390/linux
Pull s390 fixes from Martin Schwidefsky:
"A couple of bug fixes. I keep the fingers crossed that we now got
transparent huge pages ready for prime time."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/s390/linux:
s390/cio: fix length calculation in idset.c
s390/sclp: fix addressing mode clobber
s390: Move css limits from drivers/s390/cio/ to include/asm/.
s390/thp: respect page protection in pmd_none() and pmd_present()
s390/mm: use pmd_large() instead of pmd_huge()
s390/cio: suppress 2nd path verification during resume
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 05:56:23 +0000 (06:56 +0100)]
Merge branch 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/hid
Pull HID fix from Jiri Kosina:
"This reverts a patch that causes regression in binding between HID
devices and drivers during device unplug/replug cycle."
* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/hid:
HID: hidraw: put old deallocation mechanism in place
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 05:53:02 +0000 (06:53 +0100)]
Merge branch 'akpm' (Fixes from Andrew)
Merge misc fixes from Andrew Morton:
"Five fixes"
* emailed patches from Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>: (5 patches)
h8300: add missing L1_CACHE_SHIFT
mm: bugfix: set current->reclaim_state to NULL while returning from kswapd()
fanotify: fix missing break
revert "epoll: support for disabling items, and a self-test app"
checkpatch: improve network block comment style checking
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 05:49:24 +0000 (06:49 +0100)]
Merge branch 'drm-fixes' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~airlied/linux
Pull drm fixes from Dave Airlie:
"Just radeon and nouveau, mostly regressions fixers, and a couple of
radeon register checker fixes."
* 'drm-fixes' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~airlied/linux:
drm/nouveau: fix acpi edid retrieval
drm/nvc0/disp: fix regression in vblank semaphore release
drm/nv40/mpeg: fix context handling
drm/nv40/graph: fix typo in type names
drm/nv41/vm: fix typo in type name
drm/radeon/si: add some missing regs to the VM reg checker
drm/radeon/cayman: add some missing regs to the VM reg checker
drm/radeon/dce3: switch back to old pll allocation order for discrete
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 05:47:55 +0000 (06:47 +0100)]
Merge tag 'fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux
Pull virtio and module fixes from Rusty Russell:
"YA module signing build tweak, and two cc'd to stable."
* tag 'fixes-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux:
virtio: Don't access index after unregister.
modules: don't break modules_install on external modules with no key.
module: fix out-by-one error in kallsyms
Linus Torvalds [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 05:42:51 +0000 (06:42 +0100)]
Merge tag 'for-linus-v3.7-rc5' of git://oss.sgi.com/xfs/xfs
Pull xfs bugfixes from Ben Myers:
- fix for large transactions spanning multiple iclog buffers
- zero the allocation_args structure on the stack before using it to
determine whether to use a worker for allocation
- move allocation stack switch to xfs_bmapi_allocate in order to
prevent deadlock on AGF buffers
- growfs no longer reads in garbage for new secondary superblocks
- silence a build warning
- ensure that invalid buffers never get written to disk while on free
list
- don't vmap inode cluster buffers during free
- fix buffer shutdown reference count mismatch
- fix reading of wrapped log data
* tag 'for-linus-v3.7-rc5' of git://oss.sgi.com/xfs/xfs:
xfs: fix reading of wrapped log data
xfs: fix buffer shudown reference count mismatch
xfs: don't vmap inode cluster buffers during free
xfs: invalidate allocbt blocks moved to the free list
xfs: silence uninitialised f.file warning.
xfs: growfs: don't read garbage for new secondary superblocks
xfs: move allocation stack switch up to xfs_bmapi_allocate
xfs: introduce XFS_BMAPI_STACK_SWITCH
xfs: zero allocation_args on the kernel stack
xfs: only update the last_sync_lsn when a transaction completes
Fengguang Wu [Thu, 8 Nov 2012 23:53:41 +0000 (15:53 -0800)]
h8300: add missing L1_CACHE_SHIFT
Fix the build error
lib/atomic64.c: In function 'lock_addr':
lib/atomic64.c:40:11: error: 'L1_CACHE_SHIFT' undeclared (first use in this function)
lib/atomic64.c:40:11: note: each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in
Signed-off-by: Fengguang Wu <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mm: bugfix: set current->reclaim_state to NULL while returning from kswapd()
In kswapd(), set current->reclaim_state to NULL before returning, as
current->reclaim_state holds reference to variable on kswapd()'s stack.
In rare cases, while returning from kswapd() during memory offlining,
__free_slab() and freepages() can access the dangling pointer of
current->reclaim_state.
but never applied it. Repeated attempts over time to actually get him
to apply it have never had a reply from anyone who has raised it
So apply it anyway
Signed-off-by: Alan Cox <alan@linux.intel.com> Reported-by: Anders Blomdell <anders.blomdell@control.lth.se> Cc: Eric Paris <eparis@redhat.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Andrew Morton [Thu, 8 Nov 2012 23:53:35 +0000 (15:53 -0800)]
revert "epoll: support for disabling items, and a self-test app"
Revert commit 03a7beb55b9f ("epoll: support for disabling items, and a
self-test app") pending resolution of the issues identified by Michael
Kerrisk, copied below.
We'll revisit this for 3.8.
: I've taken a look at this patch as it currently stands in 3.7-rc1, and
: done a bit of testing. (By the way, the test program
: tools/testing/selftests/epoll/test_epoll.c does not compile...)
:
: There are one or two places where the behavior seems a little strange,
: so I have a question or two at the end of this mail. But other than
: that, I want to check my understanding so that the interface can be
: correctly documented.
:
: Just to go though my understanding, the problem is the following
: scenario in a multithreaded application:
:
: 1. Multiple threads are performing epoll_wait() operations,
: and maintaining a user-space cache that contains information
: corresponding to each file descriptor being monitored by
: epoll_wait().
:
: 2. At some point, a thread wants to delete (EPOLL_CTL_DEL)
: a file descriptor from the epoll interest list, and
: delete the corresponding record from the user-space cache.
:
: 3. The problem with (2) is that some other thread may have
: previously done an epoll_wait() that retrieved information
: about the fd in question, and may be in the middle of using
: information in the cache that relates to that fd. Thus,
: there is a potential race.
:
: 4. The race can't solved purely in user space, because doing
: so would require applying a mutex across the epoll_wait()
: call, which would of course blow thread concurrency.
:
: Right?
:
: Your solution is the EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE operation. I want to
: confirm my understanding about how to use this flag, since
: the description that has accompanied the patches so far
: has been a bit sparse
:
: 0. In the scenario you're concerned about, deleting a file
: descriptor means (safely) doing the following:
: (a) Deleting the file descriptor from the epoll interest list
: using EPOLL_CTL_DEL
: (b) Deleting the corresponding record in the user-space cache
:
: 1. It's only meaningful to use this EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE in
: conjunction with EPOLLONESHOT.
:
: 2. Using EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE without using EPOLLONESHOT in
: conjunction is a logical error.
:
: 3. The correct way to code multithreaded applications using
: EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE and EPOLLONESHOT is as follows:
:
: a. All EPOLL_CTL_ADD and EPOLL_CTL_MOD operations should
: should EPOLLONESHOT.
:
: b. When a thread wants to delete a file descriptor, it
: should do the following:
:
: [1] Call epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE)
: [2] If the return status from epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE)
: was zero, then the file descriptor can be safely
: deleted by the thread that made this call.
: [3] If the epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE) fails with EBUSY,
: then the descriptor is in use. In this case, the calling
: thread should set a flag in the user-space cache to
: indicate that the thread that is using the descriptor
: should perform the deletion operation.
:
: Is all of the above correct?
:
: The implementation depends on checking on whether
: (events & ~EP_PRIVATE_BITS) == 0
: This replies on the fact that EPOLL_CTL_AD and EPOLL_CTL_MOD always
: set EPOLLHUP and EPOLLERR in the 'events' mask, and EPOLLONESHOT
: causes those flags (as well as all others in ~EP_PRIVATE_BITS) to be
: cleared.
:
: A corollary to the previous paragraph is that using EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE
: is only useful in conjunction with EPOLLONESHOT. However, as things
: stand, one can use EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE on a file descriptor that does
: not have EPOLLONESHOT set in 'events' This results in the following
: (slightly surprising) behavior:
:
: (a) The first call to epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE) returns 0
: (the indicator that the file descriptor can be safely deleted).
: (b) The next call to epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE) fails with EBUSY.
:
: This doesn't seem particularly useful, and in fact is probably an
: indication that the user made a logic error: they should only be using
: epoll_ctl(EPOLL_CTL_DISABLE) on a file descriptor for which
: EPOLLONESHOT was set in 'events'. If that is correct, then would it
: not make sense to return an error to user space for this case?
Cc: Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com> Cc: "Paton J. Lewis" <palewis@adobe.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Some comment styles in net and drivers/net are flagged inappropriately.
Avoid proclaiming inline comments like:
int a = b; /* some comment */
and block comments like:
/*********************
* some comment
********************/
are defective.
Tested with
$ cat drivers/net/t.c
/* foo */
/*
* foo
*/
/* foo
*/
/* foo
* bar */
/****************************
* some long block comment
***************************/
struct foo {
int bar; /* another test */
};
$
Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Reported-by: Larry Finger <Larry.Finger@lwfinger.net> Cc: David Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Stephen Hemminger <shemminger@vyatta.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Dave Airlie [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 04:57:02 +0000 (14:57 +1000)]
Merge branch 'drm-nouveau-fixes' of git://anongit.freedesktop.org/git/nouveau/linux-2.6 into drm-fixes
just some misc regression fixes and typo fixes.
* 'drm-nouveau-fixes' of git://anongit.freedesktop.org/git/nouveau/linux-2.6:
drm/nouveau: fix acpi edid retrieval
drm/nvc0/disp: fix regression in vblank semaphore release
drm/nv40/mpeg: fix context handling
drm/nv40/graph: fix typo in type names
drm/nv41/vm: fix typo in type name
Cornelia Huck [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 04:24:12 +0000 (14:54 +1030)]
virtio: Don't access index after unregister.
Virtio wants to release used indices after the corresponding
virtio device has been unregistered. However, virtio does not
hold an extra reference, giving up its last reference with
device_unregister(), making accessing dev->index afterwards
invalid.
I actually saw problems when testing my (not-yet-merged)
virtio-ccw code:
- device_add virtio-net,id=xxx
-> creates device virtio<n> with n>0
- device_del xxx
-> deletes virtio<n>, but calls ida_simple_remove with an
index of 0
- device_add virtio-net,id=xxx
-> tries to add virtio0, which is still in use...
So let's save the index we want to release before calling
device_unregister().
Commit c0077061e7ea accidentally inverted the logic for nouveau_acpi_edid,
causing it to only show a connector as connected when the edid could not
be retrieved with acpi.
Signed-off-by: Maarten Lankhorst <maarten.lankhorst@canonical.com> Signed-off-by: Ben Skeggs <bskeggs@redhat.com>
Dave Airlie [Fri, 9 Nov 2012 03:29:07 +0000 (13:29 +1000)]
Merge branch 'drm-fixes-3.7' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~agd5f/linux into drm-fixes
Just some minor fixes for VM reg check and a regression fix for dce3 plls
* 'drm-fixes-3.7' of git://people.freedesktop.org/~agd5f/linux:
drm/radeon/si: add some missing regs to the VM reg checker
drm/radeon/cayman: add some missing regs to the VM reg checker
drm/radeon/dce3: switch back to old pll allocation order for discrete